Exclusive: The future of aerial firefighting

by Aerial FirefightingBreaking News

Neptune Aviation President Jennifer Draughon and Vice President of Operations Nic Lynn explain how it has become one of the major players the wildland firefighting industry

Aerial firefighting has become a critical component in battling wildfires, especially in the face of increasingly long and severe fire seasons.

Neptune Aviation entered the aerial firefighting industry more than 30 years ago.

The company started off as a fixed-base operator (FBO) known as Northstar Air Express in 1990.

Founder Marta Timmons offered FBO service along with aerial emergency medical services in the beginning, but then in 1994, she became interested in aerial firefighting, and wanted to make a difference by offering safe, effective, and efficient aerial firefighting services.

Timmons purchased a New Mexico-based airtanker company, which operated a fleet of Lockheed P2V Neptune aircraft retrofitted for aerial firefighting.

She renamed the company and relocated to its current location, Missoula, Montana.

In an interview with IFSJ Editor Iain Hoey, Neptune Aviation President Jennifer Draughon and Vice President of Operations Nic Lynn share insight on the organisation’s history and how the company has evolved and grown along with it to become one of the major players in today’s wildland firefighting industry.

How has Neptune Aviation’s approach and strategy evolved over the last 30 years to address the increasing severity of wildfires?

When Neptune started in aerial firefighting, the wildfire environment was extremely seasonal.

The approach to wildland firefighting at the time was different than it is today, involving the use of more firefighting resources.

It was also based on regional fire needs at the time, rather than the national approach that is currently used.

As the fire season expanded and the number of large fires increased, that model shifted due to multiple factors: Fires had to be tackled at a larger scale across a greater area, and as demands on aerial support grew, there were increasing concerns over the airworthiness of the airplanes and pilot safety.

To address those challenges, Neptune became the first aerial firefighting company to introduce a maintenance control center, so that field operations and functions were continually supported by a dedicated team that wasn’t involved in other activity.

That way, we could have a team that could travel with the aircraft and support it during its full deployment.

That has become a key factor in our ability to maintain 99% availability of our aircraft when called on for wildland firefighting.

In those early days of the company, the same pilot would take a plane out for 180 consecutive days, but that has changed with the times as well.

We now employ 35 pilots to fly our fleet of nine airtankers, providing pilots and crews with better work/life balance.

The increasing severity and length of the wildfire season has led us to expand our firefighting strategy from a seasonal to year-round effort.

While not in the air, we conduct maintenance and upgrades to our aircraft.

Our team is constantly planning to ensure that three of our airtankers are available whenever we receive the call for support.

Can you describe Neptune’s readiness protocols and how you ensure timely and effective deployment Air Attack and Tanker teams?

When a wildfire strikes, rapid response is crucial and readiness protocols are of the utmost importance.

Neptune’s yearlong firefighting preparation helps to ensure that we are ready, and from an airtanker perspective, we make sure that we have a minimum of three aircraft ready to go at any point of the year.

We alter this program based on two different approaches to execute it effectively.

The first component is off-contract readiness, when we keep crews and assets available to respond quickly.

Over the past year, we were asked to support three off-contract scenarios, and we were ready to respond within 24 hours.

We make sure that our aircraft is ready, and that flight crews are available for the mission.

In fact, we sometimes need to send out our company-owned aircraft to pick pilots up from their location to get them where they need to be.

We have also implemented an advanced training program for our pilots.

Rather than training exclusively during fire season, we stagger pilot training throughout the year, so that all our pilots have all their current required training and are ready to get in the aircraft.

During the season (on-contract), we staff each plane with four people – a captain, first officer, a crew chief, and a second mechanic in a support vehicle that chases the aircraft.

This team preps the aircraft each day, goes through acceptance checks, addresses any issues that arise, so that before we are on duty, the airplane is ready to go, and it is in that ready state all day.

This minimises the time from dispatch to take off, which helps us to launch the aircraft within the 15-minute requirement.

What are some recent technological advancements Neptune has integrated, and how do they enhance firefighting efficiency?

Our staggered pilot training program received a boost with the addition of a flight simulator that we brought online over the past year.

In the past, we would have to send pilots to the UK, Italy, or Australia to get access to receive flight simulator training.

Having capabilities in house gives us a more affordable and convenient way to provide continuous training for our pilots, and to raise the bar on training to the next level.

We took a major step in improving our training by instituting a Flight Operational Quality Assurance Program.

This is something the commercial industry has done for years to evaluate data on the flying characteristics of their pilots.

We run information through our system and look for trends.

We then deliver a monthly update to our team to provide continuing education on steps for improvement and focus our training on the team’s performance in that specific area.

We started this program four years ago, and we have seen continued progress each year.

We also recently upgraded the navigation communications systems with advanced avionics to better align with the firefighting mission.

When we purchased the BAe 146 aircraft that comprise our current fleet (and replaced the P2V), the equipment was tailored more to the needs of commercial airlines.

We needed something more sophisticated to elevate the situational awareness of our pilots.

The upgrade to the new avionics system, has been a significant advantage for our team, improving the GPS and terrain data while enhancing our aircrafts’ collision avoidance capabilities.

How does Neptune’s pilots’ experience translate into the effectiveness of your operations on the ground?


The 30 years we have been involved in aerial firefighting combined with the longevity of our pilots and the experience they have has improved the effectiveness of our retardant drops.

Today, with automation and advanced avionics and all the advancements that have been made, firefighting and the application of retardant from the pilot’s perspective is still a relatively manual process.

Retardant application can’t be guided by GPS – you need pilots who have experience reading the winds, the terrain, and the fuels on the ground to ensure the retardant coverage level, the drop height, and the speed of the aircraft all align to ensure that optimal drop coverage on the ground.

Pilot experience is what makes it successful, and our team does an excellent job of that.

We continue to build on that through an effective mentoring program.

Our more experienced pilots are training our new pilots coming in, and our new pilots rotate through three pilots to learn their techniques and gather information they need to be successful.

What motivated Neptune Aviation expansion into air attack services?

Air attack capability was a natural progression for our company.

First, it helps us to diversify our business.

We are experts in aerial firefighting, and this helps us to leverage our strengths.

It is also a wonderful introduction into the fire environment and this capability gives our young pilots the critical experience that they need.

Air attack and air tanker pilots are very mobile.

They are national assets, so you can wake up one day in Texas and go to sleep in Alaska.

That environment and lifestyle aren’t for everyone, and air attack gives us the opportunity to expose them to that.

It also gives them experience in the fire environment.

They start to understand the Fire Traffic Area (FTA), they learn the complexities of ground operations, helicopter operations, SEATs, LATs and then they start to gain an understanding the tactical side of firefighting.

What’s a heel, toe, flank – what are the different fuel types and how do we attack each of those? It’s a wonderful education for the pilot as a means of stepping into the airtanker realm.

We can move that person into air tankers, and we see a much quicker progression when they move to the left seat of an aerial firefighting airtanker because they already understand the lifestyle, the environment, the mission, the tactics, and the lingo.

It’s created a wonderful growth path.

Adding air attack services has also helped with our international growth.

When we serve countries, such as Australia, we can offer up a package to them.

We can bring the BAe 146 for aerial firefighting activity along with our air attack platform, and we can serve our international customers better operationally and more completely by providing this full solutions package – especially in regions where they do not have air attack capability.

How is the expansion into air attack services shaping your pilot recruitment and training strategies​​?

The truth is that we can build airtankers quicker than we can grow pilots.

Having the air attack program to optimise that timeline to increase our pilot pool allows us to grow our company at the pace we are trying to achieve.

While incorporating air attack services has helped our pilots to receive great real-world training, our recruitment and training strategies are still two-pronged.

Our pilots are not required to be involved in air attack to become aerial firefighters, although it is preferred.

We are also routing qualified candidates without experience into air attack first.

As we build more tankers and step into new platforms, the pilot pool is a key component of our ability to grow.

Taking someone who has not been in the fire environment, it takes 3-5 years of experience before they are able to sit in that left seat and be an initial attack captain.

How do the challenges and responsibilities in air attack operations differ from those in tanker operations​​​​?

Air attack is more of a support role for the mission, while the tanker is more tactical.

Air attack functions as a control tower, orbiting the fire and controlling the aircraft as they enter and exit the airspace.

The tankers come into the FTA at a lower altitude.

The typical air attack mission is four hours long and can support one fire, or more depending on the need.

The skills for each role are unique, and as mentioned, it takes 3-5 years to become an airtanker captain.

Learning to operate that tanker at 150 feet above the fire, and the other techniques needed to be a successful captain take time, and going through air attack helps pilots to prepare.

What advancements or expansions are planned for Neptune Aviation’s aerial firefighting fleet and services​​?

We moved the bar with the BAe 146, becoming the first in the industry to bring the next generation aircraft online.

Our current fleet is excellent, but we are actively researching and identifying our next platform, and we will be focused on that over the coming years, as we slowly phase out the 146s.

Our next platform will help us to better serve our customers both domestically and internationally.

Drawing on our 30 years of experience, we will deliver the best airtanker capabilities in the industry.

This article was originally published in the March 2024 issue of International Fire & Safety Journal. To read your FREE digital copy, click here.

The Retardant Revolution

by Aerial FirefightingBreaking NewsFire SuppressionWildland Fire

Fortress North America sheds light on how it is merging tradition with advanced fire-retardant technology

In an era marked by unprecedented wildfires, the necessity for progressive firefighting solutions has never been more pronounced.

Fortress North America (Fortress), an industry leader in fire control, is making significant strides in this domain by reinventing fire retardants.

In this article, Jenny Hood, Head of Fire Retardants, Bob Baird, Director for Governmental and External Affairs, and Joe McLellan, Senior Director of Innovation, delve into Fortress’s evolution, the groundbreaking science behind their magnesium chloride-based retardants, and the exceptional features that set them apart in the realm of fire suppression.

Fire retardant evolution

Until Fortress entered the fire-retardant industry, fire retardants really had not evolved much, if at all, for the last 20 years.

And while our company doesn’t offer wildfire control or mitigation strategies, we do produce and safely deliver next-generation fire retardant products that help manage the spread of wildfires.

The strategy and operational decisions on a fire are determined by the incident commander and his or her team.

With respect to the evolution of retardants, going back to the beginning in the 1960s, there was a lot of attention focused on ammonium phosphates – and these materials are still predominantly used in the market today.

Early on, there was also some use of borates followed by a period of ammonium sulphate use, but those materials have essentially been out of use since about the turn of this century.

There also has been an evolution in the colour packages from iron oxide to more current fugitive approaches that fade with UV exposure from the sun.

Fortress uses a high-visible magenta colour to help firefighters in the air and on the land see where fire retardant products have been applied.

The concept of fugitive retardants has been around since the early 1980s. There have been minimal significant advances in thickeners with the biggest being the transition from clays to gums.

Additionally, there has been a desire on the part of many stakeholders to improve acute aquatic toxicity and to reduce overall toxicity, especially with regards to heavy metal content.

Fortress entering the market with an entirely new chemistry has been a huge change for the fire-retardant industry.

The initial products from Fortress have focused on formulations based on magnesium chloride (MgCl2) – a naturally derived salt extracted from mineral-enriched brine using solar evaporation.

The Fortress formulations not only have a lower carbon footprint, but lab tests show they help set new standards in terms of low aquatic toxicity while being highly durable and effective.

While there may be certain niche market applications where ammonia-based retardants make sense, MgCl2-based retardants that offer lower environmental impact should be the primary fire retardant used.

Addressing legacy retardant issues

Legacy retardants have an ammonium phosphate base. Concerns with phosphate-based retardants include aquatic toxicity and the fertiliser effect.

When dissolved in water, ammonium phosphate will dissociate into ammonium and phosphate species.

The ammonium will then form an equilibrium between the charged ammonium form and the neutral ammonia form based on the pH of the solution.

Even at very low concentrations, ammonia is highly toxic to aquatic species and should be used sparingly in certain applications.

The second area of concern is the way phosphates impact the environment they are introduced to.

The build-up of nitrogen and phosphorous nutrients in water ways can lead to eutrophication, where the overloading of nutrients can result in toxic algae blooms with the potential for fish kills and other damages.

On land, the application of phosphates in wildlands can promote the growth and spread of fire-prone invasive species, such as cheat grass.

These species have shallow root systems compared to more drought-tolerant and fire-resistant native species.

The shallow root systems of invasive species intercept water before it can reach the deep roots of native species increasing the drought stress on those native plants.

The invasive plants with their shallow roots are then less resistant to dehydration – as the summer heats up and the soil begins to dry out, they die off early in the season and create light and flashy fuels that are prone to ignition.

Fortress FR-200 for example, is our flagship liquid concentrate retardant based on magnesium chloride.

It’s ammonia-free and has the highest LC50 of any currently approved retardant on the U.S.

Forest Service’s (USFS) Qualified Product List (QPL).

LC50 is a measure of acute aquatic toxicity that the USFS uses when evaluating products – higher values mean the material is less toxic.

The active ingredient in FR-200 will not contribute to eutrophication or promote the growth and spread of fire-prone invasive species including cheat grass.

The integration of magnesium chloride

The unique chemistry of our proprietary magnesium chloride formulations brings a new and multi-faceted set of fire suppression capabilities to the frontlines of firefighting.

Fortress fire retardant products provide a thermally responsive, staged-reaction scheme that hydrates, cools, delays ignition and disrupts combustion.

Together, these reactions make for stronger fire lines and superior fire control.

Magnesium chloride catalyses low-temperature charring which reduces the availability of flammable compounds.

Charring in the presence of magnesium chloride generates an inert layer of magnesium oxide, ash, and other compounds that help inhibit further burning.

In the end-stage decomposition of magnesium chloride, chloride ions directly interfere with combusting free radicals, minimising the spread of fire.

Ensuring prolonged

Magnesium chloride is highly hygroscopic, meaning it loves water.

 It will absorb water from the atmosphere when the relative humidity (RH) is above about 33% and will continue to absorb water until it forms a saturated salt solution.

The equilibrium state of magnesium chloride at relative humidities below 33% RH is that of a hexahydrate, i.e., MgCl2*(H2O)6, wherein each MgCl2 is coordinated to six water molecules.

As the active ingredient in a long-term fire retardant, the unique properties of MgCl2 shine.

When a MgCl2-basedretardant is dropped in front of a fire, the retardant will take longer to dry compared to legacy retardants holding on to “free” water until the RH in the vicinity of the retardant is below 33% RH.

Then as it “dries out” it will form the hexahydrate, wherein the amount of coordinated water in the retardant is more than 50% by weight.

These coordinated water molecules require more energy than free water molecules to drive off as the flame front approaches.

The dehydration of the magnesium chloride hexahydrate in the retardant line cools the flame front, dilutes the combustion gasses with non-flammable steam, and then reduces the rate of flame spread.

Eventually the flame front will drive off all the water and the salt will begin to break down where it can form hydrogen and chloride free-radicals that will annihilate combustion radicals in a catalytic fashion – thus disrupting combustion much like halon extinguishers.

These formulations are highly durable, too. They will not dry out and blow away. The hygroscopic properties tend to keep the retardant hydrated, pliable and in conformal contact with the fuels.

Unlike phosphates, they are not actively consumed for nutrients by plants, fungi and microorganisms.

However, they will readily wash away with winter rains and the fugitive properties mean the colour will fade away after several days of UV exposure from the sun.

Ground and aerial evolution

One of the more interesting developments in the retardant space has been the development of the new category of retardants on the USFS QPL for ground-applied pre-treatment retardants.

A significant portion of human-caused wildland fires have ignitions near roads or power transmission lines or other power infrastructure.

The new class of fire retardants can be an effective tool to help reduce those types of ignitions.

Fortress has developed several ground-applied pre-treatment retardants to address this need.

FR-600 is a MgCl2-based formulation that was specifically designed for these types of applications.

It was designed for annual application to department of transportation or utility rights-of-way in early summer as the seasonal grasses begin to turn brown.

They last throughout the summer and fire season until they are washed away by winter rains.

As mentioned earlier, MgCl2 is particularly well-suited for this application as it will not dry up and blow away, nor will it readily decompose or get consumed in the environment like other retardants.

The hygroscopic nature will serve a dual function of both dust mitigation and reducing the likelihood of ignitions in the treated areas – slowing the spread of any ignitions that do occur.

Furthermore, the non-fertiliser nature will not promote growth in the treatment areas and may decrease the need or use of herbicides in some areas.

The use case for aerial retardant applications and the resultant environmental risks associated with those applications are well defined.

This is not the case with ground applied pre-treatments.

The repeated treatment of areas is one way that ground-applied and aerial uses differ.

In aerial retardant applications, specific areas are not likely to see repeated application within 5–10-year period, whereas FR-600 and related products are designed to be applied annually to the same locations.

While aerial applications must respect a 300-foot buffer of any waterways, most roads have ditches for handling stormwater run-off and thus the implications of those seasonal treatments will need to be understood.

While the USFS conducts a national environmental impact statement for aerial use of retardants, it’s left up to the users of ground applied per-treatment products to assess the potential impact for their treatment plan in their specific area.

This is the primary challenge that has hindered the large-scale adoption of this technology.

There are several studies ongoing that are seeking to better understand the fate and effectiveness of these products.

We’re optimistic those studies will reveal positive results.

In addition to FR-600 for ground applications on roadway and utility corridors, Fortress has developed a retardant to help protect structures, which is very important for communities at risk of wildfire.

Fortress FR-700 is our long-term retardant specifically designed for structural defense.

This product also features our unique magnesium chloride formulation making it more effective, safer for the environment, and more durable than conventional, phosphate-based retardants.

Fortress FR-700 features a higher salt content for improved fire shielding and a higher viscosity mix to adhere to structural surfaces like fences, decks, siding and roofs.

FR-700 is applied directly to structures as a pre-treatment or rapid response application.

The retardant remains effective throughout the fire season.

When needed, it can be easily washed off with a hose and leaves no residue.

This product is available in a clear, colourless formulation or in a high-visibility fugitive colour.

This product is fully qualified by the USFS.

We have seen interest in this product from Homeowner Associations, FIRESAFE Councils, realtor groups and fire professionals interested in protecting communities from catastrophic wildfire damage in a more environmentally friendly way.

An effective retardant

The feedback we have received has been primarily positive.

There are not great mechanisms for conveying those insights from the field back to the manufacturers outside of the operational field evaluation.

In a specific case of ground applied retardants, we supported an application for a prescribed burn with our FR-600 product in a relatively dense area of homes and around a prison.

The fire leadership responsible for the prison was using prescribed burning to create a buffer around the facility to ensure staff and inmates can safely shelter in place.

They used our fire retardant to ensure the prescribed burn stayed in the project boundary, adding an extra layer of protection against an escape which was important with the project area being so close to a community, thereby helping make the prescribed burn even safer.

Future innovations

Fortress will continue to drive innovation in the fire-retardant space with a commitment to developing and testing highly effective fire-retardant technology that minimises toxicity and environmental impacts.

Our aim is to broaden our product offerings and continuously improve upon existing products to help keep people safe.

This article was originally published in the February 2024 issue of International Fire & Safety Journal. To read your FREE digital copy, click here.

Preliminary findings on Queensland fire surveillance aircraft tragedy released

by Aerial FirefightingFeatured News

Australian transport safety bureau issues preliminary report

The Australian Transport Safety Bureau (ATSB) has issued a preliminary report into the tragic accident of a twin turboprop Commander aircraft near Cloncurry, Queensland.

The incident, which occurred on 4 November 2023, resulted in the fatal injuries of the three crew members on board.

The aircraft was en route to conduct fire surveillance in the remote northwest of Queensland at the time of the accident.

Angus Mitchell, Chief Commissioner of the ATSB, shared insights into the report’s release: “Today’s preliminary report is released to provide timely, factual information.

“The evidence collected to date and areas of ongoing investigation detailed in the report will help us develop analysis and findings, which will be detailed in a final report at the conclusion of the investigation.”

Investigation uncovers initial evidence

The aircraft, operated by AGAIR under contract with Queensland Fire and Emergency Services, had departed from Toowoomba to photograph fire zones north of Mount Isa.

Aboard were a pilot and two camera operators.

Approximately 20 minutes after reaching a cruise altitude of 28,000 ft, the aircraft made a significant altitude change before descending rapidly and colliding with terrain.

Mitchell further elaborated on the communications issues faced during the flight: “The pilot acknowledged this request, but the controller was then unable to establish two-way communications with them for over an hour.”

This lack of communication preceded a series of unclear transmissions from the pilot, indicating potential distress.

Next steps in the investigation

The ATSB’s investigation will continue to focus on several key areas, including the pilot’s speech patterns during radio communications to examine hypoxia indicators and an analysis of weather conditions, maintenance records, and the operational procedures of the flight.

Investigators aim to determine the operability of the aircraft’s pressurisation and oxygen systems, which could not be established during the on-site examination.

Mitchell concluded with a commitment to safety: “If at any time should a critical safety issue be identified during the course of the investigation, the ATSB will immediately notify relevant parties so safety action can be taken.”

IFSJ Comment

The ATSB’s preliminary report into the Cloncurry aircraft accident marks a crucial step in understanding the circumstances leading up to the tragedy.

Through investigation and analysis, the ATSB aims to uncover the factors contributing to the accident, ensuring that future fire surveillance operations are conducted with enhanced safety measures.

This investigation not only seeks to provide closure for the families of the crew members lost but also serves as a critical examination of aviation safety protocols, highlighting the importance of continuous improvement in emergency response and surveillance operations.

Coulson Aviation expands aerial firefighting services in South America

by Aerial FirefightingAmericasFeatured News

Coulson Aviation, a leading name in aerial firefighting, has recently announced a significant extension of its services in South America.

This expansion comes in the form of new contracts secured in Chile, marking a notable advancement in the region’s firefighting capabilities.

Coulson’s new contracts in Chile

The company has been awarded a three-year firefighting contract with Chile’s Corporación Nacional Forestal (CONAF).

This agreement includes the provision of a C-130H Hercules Large AirTanker and a Citation 550 air attack lead plane, in partnership with BRYSA.

Britton Coulson, President and COO of Coulson Aviation, expressed pride in continuing to support Chile with their aircraft.

Coulson Aviation has already had a successful three-year stint in Chile, using Boeing CH-47D and Lockheed C-130H aircraft.

This new contract further solidifies Coulson’s presence in Chile, offering the largest airtanker in the country and acknowledging the effectiveness of their C-130 and Citation 550 in providing an efficient and productive aerial firefighting response​​.

Advanced aerial firefighting capabilities

The Citation 550 air attack lead plane is a significant component of Coulson’s firefighting strategy.

It enables the coordination of aerial assets in firefighting operations from above, enhancing both safety and efficiency.

The jet, known for its speed and maneuverability, maintains an altitude above all firefighting helicopters and airplanes.

This strategic positioning allows the crew to direct aircraft, ensure safe separation, and increase the efficiency of overall operations.

Coulson Aviation is distinguished as the only aerial firefighting company operating Large Airtankers with Air Attack Lead Aircraft internationally​​.

The C-130H Hercules: An aerial firefighting powerhouse

The C-130H Hercules Large AirTanker, built by Lockheed Martin, is a four-engine turboprop military transport aircraft.

It boasts a capacity of 4,000 gallons (15,000 liters) and is renowned for its range, versatility, and suppression ability per drop.

The aircraft is equipped with Coulson’s 4,000-gallon Retardant Aerial Delivery System (RADS-XXL), the most widely used, high-volume tanking system for Large Airtankers (LATs) globally.

This system, notable for its cost-effectiveness and lightweight design, requires no additional crew or equipment.

It offers real-time flow rate and superior drop zone coverage, while also reducing the overall pilot workload​​.

IFSJ Comment

Coulson Aviation’s recent contract in Chile signifies a major step forward in aerial firefighting capabilities in South America.

The introduction of the C-130H Hercules Large AirTanker and Citation 550 air attack lead plane not only enhances the region’s capacity to combat wildfires but also demonstrates the evolving landscape of aerial firefighting techniques.

These advancements represent a blend of technological innovation and strategic planning, crucial in addressing the increasing frequency and intensity of wildfires globally.

Coulson’s expansion in Chile underscores the importance of international collaboration in disaster response, highlighting the pivotal role of specialized aircraft in efficient and effective firefighting operations.

This development is a testament to the growing recognition of aerial firefighting as a critical component in managing forest fires, which pose a significant threat to both the environment and communities.

Wildland Fire Mitigation and Management Commission final report supported by UAFA

by Aerial FirefightingAssociations and OrganisationsFeatured NewsWildland Fire

WFMMC’s final report receives backing from aerial firefighters

The United Aerial Firefighters Association (UAFA) has voiced its support for the recent Wildland Fire Mitigation and Management Commission (WFMMC) report submitted to Congress, according to Aerial Fire.

The report, described as comprehensive and ground-breaking, outlines the current state of wildfire management and offers recommendations with the potential to reshape the landscape of wildland fire mitigation and management in the United States.

UAFA advocates for stronger suppression strategies

While UAFA champions the improvements suggested in the WFMMC’s Aviation Report from earlier this year, it stresses the necessity for a broader dialogue on suppression operations.

Recognising forest health and community resilience as pivotal points in the report, UAFA calls for enhanced Suppression and Response to parallel the expanding challenges posed by wildfires.

Funding and technology enhancement urged by aerial firefighters

The UAFA has proposed additional measures to fortify suppression operations, including the collaboration with communities on wildfire protection plans and securing a sustainable funding source for wildfire suppression.

An increase in federal funding for the Wildland-Urban Interface is among the key suggestions, with a call for a $1 billion annual boost to sustain operations and advance technology in the field.

The Association said it believes that by working together, we can create a more resilient wildfire system that protects our communities and our natural resources.

They commit to aiding the implementation of WFMMC’s strategies and aspire to advance wildfire management through nationwide collaboration and innovation.

For further information, the full WFMMC report can be accessed here.

IFSJ Comment

The support shown by the United Aerial Firefighters Association for the WFMMC’s final report echoes a commitment to advancing wildland fire management.

The association’s insistence on expanded funding, better equipment, and more comprehensive training for firefighting personnel signals a proactive step towards enhancing fire suppression efficiency and community safety.

Their recommendations suggest a shift towards a more integrated approach in fighting wildfires, ensuring rapid response times, and improved strategies.

UAFA’s involvement in the development of a national aviation strategy and partnership with the military for greater interoperability also hints at a forward-thinking strategy to wildfire response that can provide broader benefits in terms of safety and resource management.

Aerial wildland firefighting gets a boost with Rain and Sikorsky’s collaboration

by Aerial FirefightingAmericas - Featured NewsFeatured NewsWildland Fire

In a recent announcement, Rain, renowned for its aerial wildfire containment technology, and Sikorsky, a subsidiary of Lockheed Martin, have revealed their partnership to advance rapid response capabilities for aerial wildland firefighting.

Exploring cutting-edge technologies for aerial wildland firefighting

The essence of this collaboration is to integrate Sikorsky’s MATRIX autonomy suite with Rain’s Wildfire Mission Autonomy System.

The end goal is to deploy uncrewed helicopters, at the earliest detection of wildfires, to deliver water and suppress the blaze.

Rain’s CEO, Maxwell Brodie, elucidated on this: “Combining Sikorsky’s demonstrated mature vehicle autonomy system with Rain’s early response capability will show how an uncrewed helicopter can quickly fly to a suspected ignition, and drop water to suppress a wildfire in its initial stages with no human onboard.”

He further added that the vision includes providing fire agencies with the ability to position a fleet of firefighting aircraft that can receive and execute mission commands effectively.

Fast response and economic benefits

By employing Rain’s system, mission commands can be uploaded to Sikorsky’s Optionally Piloted helicopters, ensuring a swift reaction time.

Brodie highlighted studies which indicate that a mere 15-minute reduction in wildfire response could potentially save California between $3.5 to $8.2 billion annually.

The MATRIX system, a product of Sikorsky Innovations, is a culmination of over a decade of development.

This system is a blend of software and hardware that ensures an aircraft can safely navigate tough terrains even without a crew.

Igor Cherepinsky, Director of Sikorsky Innovations, explained: “MATRIX executes a full mission plan considering various factors including mission goals, aircraft performance, and environmental conditions.”

Rain’s expertise lies in early wildfire detection and the quick dispatch of autonomous aircraft.

Their integrated system can identify and locate wildfires, formulate a suppression strategy, and determine the optimal flight path.

This ensures the precise delivery of suppressants and gives firefighters vital intelligence and oversight for enhanced safety and coordination.

Rain and Sikorsky’s joint venture aims to demonstrate the potential of autonomous firefighting helicopters.

These helicopters can be stationed in remote areas based on wildfire risk assessments, ready to be deployed any time of the day, offering fire agencies a robust solution against challenging wildfires in diverse terrains.

IFSJ Comment

The partnership between Rain and Sikorsky signifies a crucial step forward in tackling the persistent challenges of wildfires.

The blend of Rain’s early wildfire detection prowess with Sikorsky’s autonomy suite could revolutionise the way fire agencies respond to ignitions, particularly in remote and difficult terrains.

With the potential economic benefits, and more importantly, the capacity to save lives and properties, this collaboration is undoubtedly a significant stride in fortifying our firefighting arsenal.

Aerial Firefighting Risks: Examining the Dangers

by AmericasBreaking NewsWildland Fire

In the wake of a devastating plane crash during wildfire suppression efforts in Greece, we delve into the inherent risks of aerial firefighting and the current wildfire situation

The Human Cost of Fire Suppression

During the ongoing wildfire suppression efforts in Greece, tragedy struck when a plane crashed near Karystos on Evia, north of Athens.

The incident, filmed by Greek state broadcaster ERT, occurred after the aircraft clipped a tree, causing it to crash in a blaze behind a hill.

Two pilots have been reported missing in the incident, underscoring the inherent dangers faced by those battling wildfires from the air.

As the wildfires continue to ravage parts of Greece, firefighting aircraft are indispensable for tackling these disasters.

However, the recent tragedy highlights the risks these frontline responders face.

The plane was part of a concerted Greek and international effort to extinguish fires around Athens, the island of Rhodes, and Corfu, underlining the truly global scale and significance of these ongoing efforts.

The Wildfire Crisis: Understanding and Mitigating Future Risks

Aerial Firefighting: Heroic Efforts, High Risks

Aerial firefighting is a crucial element in combating wildfires. As the flames engulf large areas and threaten homes, wildlife, and even entire communities, the men and women in the air form a critical line of defence, often in incredibly challenging conditions.

The recent crash in Greece brings into stark relief the perils they face in their heroic efforts to protect lives and properties.

Pilots and crew members involved in aerial firefighting must demonstrate exceptional skill and bravery. T

hey navigate difficult environments marked by intense heat, heavy smoke, and unpredictable winds.

They are required to fly their aircraft dangerously low to ensure accurate water or retardant drops on the fire, often in mountainous or rugged terrains.

This risky flight pattern is precisely what led to the recent tragedy in Greece, where the aircraft clipped a tree during a low-level operation.

Furthermore, pilots must deal with what is known as the ‘fire wind.’ This is a phenomenon where the heat of the wildfire creates its own weather system, resulting in erratic and strong wind patterns that can quickly change direction.

Fire winds can cause sudden shifts in the fire’s path, making it incredibly challenging for pilots to predict where their aerial firefighting efforts will be most effective.

Beyond the physical hazards, the mental toll on these brave individuals is also significant.

The long hours, the high stakes of the mission, the emotional strain of witnessing the destruction caused by wildfires, and the knowledge of the ever-present danger they face contribute to a stressful work environment.

However, despite the risks and pressures, these men and women continue to fly into danger to protect communities and the environment from the devastating effects of wildfires.

The equipment used in aerial firefighting also plays a role in the inherent risks.

Aircraft used for this purpose, such as air tankers and helicopters, often need to carry heavy loads of water or fire retardants.

This added weight, combined with the need to fly at low altitudes and in adverse conditions, places a great deal of stress on the aircraft.

Ensuring the maintenance and safety of these machines is of paramount importance.

It is important to note that the dangers faced by those involved in aerial firefighting extend beyond the immediate risk of accidents.

There is a long-term risk associated with regular exposure to thick smoke and potentially toxic fire retardants.

Studies have shown that exposure to such conditions can lead to respiratory issues and other health problems.

Moreover, the increased intensity and frequency of wildfires, largely due to climate change, has led to a longer fire season.

This expansion means that aerial firefighting crews are spending more time in the field, further amplifying the risks and challenges they face.

In addition to the firefighting crews in the air, ground support teams are integral to the operation’s success and safety.

These teams help guide the pilots, monitor weather conditions, maintain and refuel the aircraft, and manage logistical aspects of the operation. Their role is just as critical and fraught with danger, as they often work in close proximity to the fire lines.

The recent incident in Greece underscores the very real hazards associated with aerial firefighting and serves as a stark reminder of the bravery and dedication of these individuals.

The fight against wildfires is truly a heroic battle against nature’s fury, made more intense by the growing impacts of climate change.

As we face the future, the valiant efforts of these aerial firefighters and the peril they brave will continue to be indispensable.

However, it also underscores the urgent need to better understand, mitigate and adapt to the changing climate that is fuelling these intense wildfires.

Climate Change: A Firestorm Catalyst

Climate change continues to exacerbate wildfire incidents across the globe, with hotter and drier conditions increasing the likelihood of these disasters.

Southern Europe is currently grappling with a scorching heatwave with temperatures above 40°C in some parts, which has intensified wildfire activity.

Climate change has undeniably heightened the challenge of firefighting efforts, adding more pressure on aerial firefighting resources.

The increasing demand for these assets and the hazardous conditions in which they operate further highlight the dangers faced by those in the planes.

The Current Wildfire Situation

The situation in Greece remains dire, with evacuation orders issued for several areas as approximately 80 fires continue to blaze across the country.

The island of Rhodes has seen significant damage, with fires forcing locals and holidaymakers to evacuate, many ending up in temporary accommodations.

Airlines have initiated rescue missions to repatriate people, and Greece claims this as the largest evacuation operation in its history.

The assistance is not limited to within Greece; support has been dispatched from EU member states, Turkey, Israel, and Egypt.

Despite the international support and concerted efforts of over 500 firefighters, the battle against the wildfires remains uphill.

In tandem with the tragedy in Greece, another wildfire broke out in Sicily after temperatures there reached a record 47°C earlier in the week.

These concurrent events highlight the growing urgency of addressing the root causes of these disasters, not least of which is the increasingly potent threat of climate change.

As the world continues to wrestle with these devastating wildfires, the risks associated with aerial firefighting underscore the human cost of these climate change-driven disasters.

While the efforts to combat these blazes continue unabated, the lives lost in these operations highlight the need for improved safety protocols and climate change mitigation strategies.

Bridger Aerospace considers international expansion

by Aerial FirefightingFeatured News

Belgrade-based company Bridger Aerospace, which owns the largest fleet of Super Scoopers, may soon be battling wildfires on an international scale. According to NBC Montana, the company is evaluating requests from Europe, Africa, South America, and Asia, and hopes to expand their core business of U.S. firefighting to meet the growing global demand for their assets.

“We’re being requested routinely from all over the world,” said Bridger Aerospace CEO Tim Sheehy. “So, we’re evaluating that this year, and hopefully will do so.”

Bridger Aerospace recently added a sixth scooper to their fleet, which they believe will make it easier to spread resources and help protect foreign lands and their own lands from devastating wildfires. The company plans to make scooper number six, number 286, available for use in Montana for most of the year.

“Ultimately, our goal is to help fight wildfires wherever they occur, and we’re excited about the opportunity to do that on an international scale,” added Sheehy.

Bridger Aerospace’s commitment to fighting wildfires and protecting communities has earned them a reputation as one of the most trusted and reliable aerial firefighting companies in the world. As they prepare to take their expertise and resources global, their dedication to keeping people and properties safe remains unwavering.

Elbit Systems to provide aerial firefighting services to Israel in $100m deal

by Aerial FirefightingFeatured News

Elbit Systems Ltd. has announced that it has signed a follow-on contract worth $100 million to provide aerial firefighting services to the Israeli Ministry of National Security. The contract will last for eight years.

As part of the deal, Elbit Systems will continue to provide firefighting services to the Ministry of National Security using a fleet of 14 aircraft, along with other operational services including aircraft maintenance and preparation for flights. The squadron will be operated under the guidance of the Israeli Police and in coordination with the Fire and Rescue Authority.

Yoram Shmuely, General Manager of Elbit Systems Aerospace, expressed his satisfaction with the decision to extend the contract until the end of 2031, calling it a testament to the company’s capabilities and services. He also highlighted the squadron’s readiness to fulfill its missions in Israel and to provide assistance to neighboring countries if necessary.

Elbit Systems has been a partner of the national aerial firefighting squadron since its establishment, and the company has shown that it is well-equipped to handle the challenges of aerial firefighting. The decision to extend the contract reflects the confidence and trust that the Ministry of National Security has in Elbit Systems’ ability to provide essential firefighting services.

About Elbit Systems

Elbit Systems Ltd. is an international high technology company engaged in a wide range of defense, homeland security and commercial programs throughout the world. The Company, which includes Elbit Systems and its subsidiaries, operates in the areas of aerospace, land and naval systems, command, control, communications, computers, intelligence surveillance and reconnaissance (“C4ISR”), unmanned aircraft systems, advanced electro-optics, electro-optic space systems, EW suites, signal intelligence systems, data links and communications systems, radios, cyber-based systems and munitions. The Company also focuses on the upgrading of existing platforms, developing new technologies for defense, homeland security and commercial applications and providing a range of support services, including training and simulation systems.

IFSJ Exclusive: First responder drones

by Breaking NewsIFSJ Exclusives

Charles L. Werner. Founder and Director of the DRONERESPONDERS Public Safety Alliance, tells all about the Drone as a First Responder Program

Several years ago, the Chula Vista California Police Department created the Drone as a First Responder (DFR) Program through the Federal Aviation Administration’s (FAA) Uncrewed Aircraft System (UAS) Integration Pilot Project (IPP). This DFR program launches a drone to high priority calls immediately upon receiving the emergency call.

In most cases, the drone is over the emergency scene prior to arrival of ground units while streaming real time video back to the dispatch center and out to responding law enforcement officers. This drone’s eye view allows responders to have critical information on the circumstances at the scene.

Chula Vista Police Chief Roxanna Kennedy said in an interview: “DFR has become the best de-escalation tool in our department’s tool box and greatly enhanced for the safety of citizens and responders.” 

Since the DFR program’s inception, the program has flown over 13,000 flights, assisted in 1534 arrests, avoided dispatching ground units 3284 times, on scene first 7284 times, average response time when first on scene 209 seconds.

The DFR response provides information that helps to increase or decrease priority which ensures that the appropriate resources are responding.  It is clear to see the value of the DFR program through de-escalation, returning units to service more quickly, enhancing safety and protecting the community.

While the program was initiated by the Chula Vista PD has now expanded to include fire responses. On one of the first fire-EMS calls, it was able to quickly locate a patient in an alley where the initial call information was vague. Dispatch was quickly able to provide EMS units the location as well as scene reconnaissance. There present responses now also include structure fires, brush fires, and hazmat incidents and provides invaluable information to responding firefighters.

DFR Programs in the United States has been made possible by the innovative visionaries and through cooperation with the FAA which enabled a 2 mile beyond visual line of sight (BVLOS) waiver which allows the drone to fly beyond the normal visual line of sight (VLOS). Today there are over 16 public safety agencies operating a DFR program.

In addition to Chula Vista, some of the other cities include, but not limited to Clovis California, Santa Monica California, Beverly Hills California, Pearland Texas, Brookhaven Georgia, Elizabeth New Jersey, Easley South Carolina with many more in the process.

Even though the DFR programs are similar, each of them have their own nuances based on the operations needed for their specific needs. Some programs may fly only for specific times as needed and others may fly a great deal more for slightly different needs.

The Fire Service

More recently, the Fremont California Fire Department is one of the first fire departments initiating a DFR program with plans to launch from the rooftops of five fire stations which will provide coverage for most of the city.

From a fire service perspective, these flights provide invaluable information for structure fires by providing a full 360 and aerial view to identify hazards that may not be seen from the ground. Thermal imaging can provide heat signatures that may reveal location of hidden fire and structural integrity issues.

During hazmat situations, drones can provide a much better situational assessment of area involved, waterways contaminated and with thermal to be able to see invisible plumes and/or vapor clouds. In both law enforcement and fire service situations, the DFR program is a game changer which enhances safety, provides better operational effectiveness and real time situational awareness.

As DFR has proven to be such an effective and life saving tool, DRONERESPONDERS initiated a Nationwide DFR Working Group to share information between departments, vendors and industry. From this working group, documents have been created on policy, privacy, community outreach, CONOPS and more which can be accessed free in the DRONERESPONDERS.org Resource Center. The goal is to share information to assist other departments advance the implementation of DFR programs.

Drone as a First Responder International Initiative

In November 2022, DRONERESPONDERS and UAS Norway partnered to create the DFR International Initiative to expand this DFR concept globally. Regarding this DFR International Initiative, Anders Martinsen with UAS Norway said, “Drone as a First Responder has had great success in the United States and it is our goal to collaborate between UAS Norway and DRONERESPONDERS to advance this life saving program internationally, and the network both organisations bring together in this initiative can globally help law enforcement and public safety further use drones more widely as a tool and also focus on flight safety during operations.”

About the author

Chief Charles L. Werner (Ret.) is a 49 year public safety professional, the retired fire chief from Charlottesville VA Fire Department and founder/director of the DRONERESPONDERS Public Safety Alliance.

This article was originally published in the March edition of IFSJ. To read your FREE digital copy, click here.