Vinay Deshpande, Founder and Managing Director at Vitruvius Fire Safety Consulting FZ-LLC, examines hydrogen facility hazards and considers performance-based approaches for complex mixed-use developments
The global push toward decarbonisation has propelled hydrogen from scientific curiosity to industrial reality.
Governments and private developers across Europe, the Middle East and Asia are investing billions in establishing hydrogen as the clean fuel of the future, powering mobility, industry and energy storage.
Yet, as with every transition, safety infrastructure must evolve alongside technology.
The unique properties that make hydrogen a promising energy vector also introduce complex fire and explosion risks that challenge conventional engineering and regulatory frameworks.
A new generation of hazards
Unlike hydrocarbons, hydrogen is odourless, colourless and burns with a nearly invisible flame.
Its wide flammability range (4–75% by volume in air) and low ignition energy make it more easily ignitable than most fuels.
The gas’s small molecular size also increases leakage potential through seals, joints and micro-fissures in materials not specifically designed for hydrogen service.
Traditional gas detection and ventilation strategies developed for methane or LPG are often insufficient.
Hydrogen flames radiate little heat, meaning optical flame detectors may not respond unless specifically tuned.
Similarly, a hydrogen leak can quickly form buoyant clouds that accumulate beneath ceilings or canopies, rendering fixed-point detection ineffective without well-planned sampling geometry.
Emerging hydrogen infrastructure
The Middle East has rapidly positioned itself as a key player in the hydrogen economy.
Saudi Arabia’s NEOM Green Hydrogen Project, the UAE’s National Hydrogen Strategy 2050 and Oman’s hydrogen valleys are among the region’s most ambitious energy initiatives.
While environmental sustainability drives these projects, the safety design basis must remain uncompromising.
Hydrogen production, storage and distribution systems often integrate electrolysis units, compression facilities, pipelines and high-pressure storage vessels, all introducing potential ignition sources, confined spaces and mixed electrical classifications.
Most of these installations fall outside traditional oil and gas prescriptive codes, requiring tailored fire and explosion risk assessment methodologies that blend process safety, fire protection engineering and risk quantification.
This is where performance-based fire engineering plays a vital role.
Bridging code gaps
Codes such as NFPA 2 (Hydrogen Technologies Code) and ISO 19880-1 (Hydrogen fuelling stations) provide a strong foundation, but implementation challenges persist when these systems are integrated within complex mixed-use environments, for example, hydrogen fuelling stations adjacent to public highways or within ports and logistics hubs.
Local authority frameworks, including the UAE Fire and Life Safety Code of Practice (2018), still reference generic flammable-gas criteria; therefore, engineers must adapt these clauses through equivalency analysis and quantitative risk assessment (QRA) to achieve demonstrable safety.
Performance-based fire engineering (PBFE) enables designers to move beyond simple separation distances and instead model the actual behaviour of hydrogen releases, ignition probabilities and consequence outcomes.
By combining computational fluid dynamics (CFD) dispersion analysis and explosion modelling, engineers can predict overpressure zones, thermal radiation contours and safe egress distances tailored to specific site conditions.
Learning from real-world applications
In feasibility and safety-basis reviews for hydrogen facilities, engineers increasingly rely on validated dispersion and consequence-analysis methods to understand credible release scenarios.
These analyses quantify likely overpressures from vent or enclosure events, inform appropriate vent-stack heights, guide placement of deflagration arrestors and help size normal and emergency ventilation rates so that concentrations remain well below flammable limits during abnormal conditions.
Within enclosed compressor or equipment rooms, studies consistently show that conventional heat- or smoke-based detection may not provide timely warning for hydrogen.
More suitable approaches typically combine hydrogen-specific gas detection (for example, catalytic bead or electrochemical sensors), strategic sampling at high points and zoned mechanical ventilation or purge capability to achieve rapid dilution and reduce ignition risk.
Detection and ventilation
Effective detection and dilution are the primary defences against hydrogen-air mixtures reaching flammable limits.
Given hydrogen’s buoyancy, detectors should be located at the highest points within enclosures, near ceilings or roof vents.
Where possible, cross-zoned sensor layouts should be used to minimise false alarms while ensuring reliable coverage.
Ventilation systems must achieve at least six air changes per hour under normal conditions and provide emergency purge capability on alarm.
Natural ventilation through high-level louvres, combined with mechanical extraction, can maintain concentrations well below 1% by volume, far from the lower flammability limit.
Designers must also account for potential accumulation in trenches, ducts or service corridors, particularly where hydrogen piping interfaces with other utility systems.
Computational airflow modelling can help ensure sufficient dilution without creating turbulent zones that promote static charge or re-entrainment.
Challenges
Hydrogen fires behave differently from typical hydrocarbon fires.
The high flame speed and near-invisible plume make manual firefighting extremely hazardous.
Radiant heat output is lower, but jet velocity and flame lift can rapidly propagate to nearby equipment if isolation fails.
Automatic isolation and venting are therefore more important than extinguishment.
Dry-chemical or water-mist systems can be effective for incipient control, but suppression alone cannot address the root hazard.
System design must focus on rapid detection, automatic isolation valves and safe venting pathways that prevent structural damage.
Explosion vent panels, pressure-relief systems and deflagration arrestors are critical in confined areas.
Each component must be designed for hydrogen’s high flame acceleration potential, which can generate overpressures exceeding 8 bar even in partially confined spaces.
Training, competence and emergency planning
As hydrogen facilities multiply, the competence of operators and emergency responders becomes the cornerstone of safety assurance.
Fire brigades must train with simulated hydrogen scenarios to recognise flame invisibility and acoustic cues.
Personnel should be equipped with thermal imagers and intrinsically safe gas monitors.
Emergency procedures must emphasise isolation and ventilation rather than traditional firefighting.
Response teams should understand that re-ignition can occur long after the visible flame extinguishes due to delayed diffusion or electrostatic discharge.
Are regional stakeholders ready?
As hydrogen projects advance, a practical question emerges: Are fire protection engineering stakeholders in the region prepared for this new risk landscape?
Across the GCC, much of the industry’s current bandwidth is occupied by urgent challenges such as electric-vehicle battery fires, energy-storage system hazards, compliance upgrades and the rapid growth of mega-developments requiring intense authority coordination.
These priorities are legitimate, yet they also risk overshadowing the next critical frontier.
Hydrogen is not simply another version of LPG or natural gas.
It requires a fundamentally different understanding of: gas behaviour and buoyancy, flame invisibility, rapid ignition kinetics, specialised detection needs, ventilation strategy design and consequence-modelling-driven layouts.
To meet this challenge, the region will need to strengthen: training and competency development, research partnerships, regulatory harmonisation, testing and simulation capacity and multi-agency response planning.
The GCC has already demonstrated remarkable agility in adopting new fire-safety technologies.
That same momentum must now extend to hydrogen, before deployment outpaces preparedness.
The path forward
For the hydrogen economy to scale safely, engineering and regulatory communities must collaborate on harmonising global standards.
Cross-referencing between NFPA 2, ISO TR 15916 and local codes such as the UAE FLS Code will allow a unified design basis for emerging hydrogen hubs.
Equally important is establishing third-party verification frameworks that can validate functional equivalence where listed equipment or prescriptive provisions are unavailable.
These models demonstrate how analytical rigour and multidisciplinary teamwork can bridge compliance gaps while upholding safety integrity.
About the author
Vinay Deshpande is the Founder and Managing Director of Vitruvius Fire Safety Consulting FZ-LLC, a UAE-based specialist fire engineering practice delivering code compliance, performance-based design and risk assessments across aviation, metro or rail, industrial and high-rise developments.
With more than 37 years of experience, he advises on complex, safety-critical projects and contributes to leading conferences, industry panels and technical forums in the GCC and India.