TracPlus examines human factors in wildland firefighting AI use

Wildland firefighting AI accountability

TracPlus has published a new white paper examining how aerial agencies can manage the adoption of artificial intelligence with transparency and accountability.

The document, titled AI Makes the Call. Who Answers for It?, provides an industry-informed perspective on the increasing role of automated systems in fire operations.

TracPlus is an operational data infrastructure provider that monitors more than 2,500 wildfire suppression aircraft across 44 countries.

The paper identifies that AI systems are already influencing how decisions are made while governance structures are still in a state of evolution.

National agencies including CAL FIRE, New Zealand’s Fire and Emergency New Zealand (FENZ) and Australia’s national aerial firefighting program use the platform as their system of record.

The infrastructure holds more than a billion flight records and collects approximately one million new operational data points every day.

Operational data and human judgment

The white paper highlights how AI systems can change how human judgment is applied during wildland firefighting operations.

Research indicates that the reliability of these tools depends on the quality and visibility of the underlying data.

Todd O’Hara, Chief Commercial Officer at TracPlus, said: “AI is becoming part of the operational toolkit, and that’s a positive development.

“The opportunity for agencies is to introduce it in a way that preserves visibility into what’s happening, why recommendations are being made, and how those decisions play out over time.”

The proposed approach involves running AI recommendations alongside human decisions and maintaining an independent operational record.

Agencies can use this data to establish a baseline and evaluate the performance of new technologies over time.

UK launches product safety review covering online marketplaces and furniture rules

Product safety consultations open

The UK Government has opened three consultations on changes to product safety rules, including online marketplace obligations, enforcement reforms and a review of furniture fire safety regulations.

The Department for Business and Trade announced the proposals on 31 March 2026 using powers in the Product Regulation and Metrology Act 2025.

The measures would apply to products sold online so online marketplaces are held to the same standards for product safety as bricks and mortar stores.

The first consultation includes proposals to widen the scope of the new framework so it covers more products and reduces gaps in consumer protection.

It also includes proposals to update how a safe product is defined and assessed.

Definitions for businesses in scope would also be clarified so those involved in product supply have responsibility to protect consumers from dangerous products.

The Government said the current system has been stretched by globalised supply chains, technological change and the growth of online shopping.

It said serious incidents, including fires caused by lithium-ion batteries in products such as e-bikes, show the risks linked to unsafe products.

Kate Dearden MP, Minister for Consumer Protection, said: “These reforms are about making our product safety system fit for the modern world – shutting loopholes, clamping down on unsafe online sales, and giving responsible businesses the certainty they need to grow.

“People need to trust the products they buy and use every day, so I’m urging consumer groups, businesses and the public to have their say and help us build a safer future.”

Enforcement and labelling proposals

The Department for Business and Trade also published a second consultation on reforms intended to simplify enforcement of product safety rules.

The proposals are intended to support consistent and swift action when issues are found.

Alongside this, the Government said it will introduce legislation to give businesses more flexibility in how certain products are labelled.

This would allow information such as the UKCA marking and importer details to be provided in different physical formats and in digital form.

The Government is also consulting on extending digital labelling flexibility to additional products and businesses.

Furniture fire safety review

A third consultation published on the same day will review the UK’s furniture fire safety regulations.

All three consultations are open for 12 weeks and will close on 23 June 2026.

The Government has invited stakeholders, businesses, consumer groups and members of the public to respond.

Responses to the consultations will inform the next stage of the Government’s proposed regulatory changes.

2025 EU wildfire season sets record with over one million hectares burned

Wildfire season sets EU record for burnt area

The European Union recorded its most destructive wildfire season in 2025, with over one million hectares burned across Member States and activity peaking during summer heatwaves.

The Joint Research Centre reported that satellite analysis from the European Forest Fire Information System (EFFIS) showed 1,079,538 hectares burned within the EU.

The total rises to 2,242,195 hectares when including areas across Europe, the Middle East and North Africa monitored by EFFIS.

The fire season began early, with more than 100,000 hectares burned by the end of March.

Fire activity increased from June and reached its highest levels in August as large fires spread across Mediterranean countries.

A heatwave in early August triggered 22 very large fires in Portugal and Spain, burning 460,585 hectares which accounted for 43% of the EU total.

In total, 7,783 fires were recorded across 25 of the 27 EU Member States, with Luxembourg and Malta the only countries unaffected.

Germany, Spain, Cyprus and Slovakia each recorded their highest burnt area since EFFIS records began in 2006.

Burnt area across the EU was nearly double the average recorded between 2006 and 2024.

Around 39% of the total burnt area occurred within Natura 2000 protected sites, equating to 424,023 hectares.

Monitoring and response measures for wildfire risk

The Joint Research Centre outlined that EFFIS continues to support authorities with monitoring and preparedness through satellite-based wildfire data.

The 2025 season reflects a pattern of earlier fire starts, more frequent heatwaves and fires occurring at higher latitudes than previously observed.

Outside the EU, Ukraine accounted for almost 30% of the total burnt area and 39% of mapped fires within the wider monitored region.

The European Commission adopted a new integrated approach to wildfire risk management on 25 March 2026, covering prevention, preparedness, response and recovery.

The framework includes plans to improve early warning systems and fire mapping through expanded satellite data availability.

EFFIS forms part of the Copernicus Emergency Management Service and provides standardised wildfire data across Europe.

The EU Civil Protection Mechanism (UCPM) coordinates firefighting resources from Member States and participating countries.

Seasonal measures include prepositioning firefighters in high-risk areas and maintaining a shared aerial firefighting fleet under rescEU.

The Commission has allocated funding for 12 firefighting planes and five helicopters to expand the permanent rescEU fleet, with aircraft based across several European countries.

These measures sit alongside ongoing efforts to strengthen wildfire monitoring and response capacity across the region.

UK government U-turn leaves prison fire safety works unresolved

Fire safety works remain outstanding

More than 60 prisons in England and Wales were awaiting fire safety improvement works in autumn 2025 after the government dropped a commitment to make all cells compliant by the end of 2027 or remove them from use.

The Howard League for Penal Reform said documents released through a Freedom of Information Act request showed that more than 40 prisons were waiting for in-cell automatic fire detection equipment and that no replacement deadline had been set.

The prisons listed for improvement work included Stocken, Eastwood Park, Swaleside, Risley, Wealstun, Chelmsford and Holme House, where fatal fires have been recorded during the past 15 years.

Eastwood Park was among the prisons waiting for in-cell automatic fire detection equipment after Clare Dupree was fatally injured in a fire in December 2022.

An inquest jury at Avon Coroner’s Court found there had been “missed opportunities” to prevent her death and that a “lack of automatic in-cell fire detection caused a delay in detecting the fire”.

More than three years after the incident, the equipment had yet to be installed in Clare’s cell.

Enforcement notices issued across prisons

The Howard League said the Ministry of Justice (MoJ) had known for almost 20 years that tens of thousands of people in prison were being held in cells that did not meet lawful fire safety standards.

The charity said it had asked for updated lists showing how many cells were affected in each prison, when works would start and how long they would last, and that the MoJ had refused to provide them.

In October 2025, the Howard League sent pre-action letters to Eastwood Park, Norwich, Swaleside, Wandsworth and Wetherby prisons.

Works have yet to start in four of those five prisons, including Swaleside and Eastwood Park, where fatal fires took place in 2019 and 2022.

The charity also obtained records from the Crown Premises Fire Safety Inspectorate (CPFSI) covering November 2023 to October 2025.

Sixteen prisons received Crown Enforcement Notices during that period after the CPFSI identified failures to comply with fire safety legislation.

Six prisons received ‘Step Away’ notices after Crown Enforcement Notices were not complied with and the CPFSI said it would pursue a criminal prosecution if Crown immunity did not apply.

The CPFSI also said it could not provide details of any notices relating to Oakwood prison because of an ongoing investigation that may lead to criminal proceedings.

Howard League threatens legal action

Andrea Coomber KC (Hon.), Chief Executive of the Howard League for Penal Reform, said: “From chronic overcrowding and rising violence to record levels of self-harm and people being released by mistake, chaos in the prison system is rarely out of the headlines.

“Fire safety has largely remained under the radar until now.

“But the long-running detention of tens of thousands of people in fire-risk cells, and the government’s U-turn on a deadline to solve this, amount to a national scandal.

“After almost two decades of inaction by the Ministry of Justice, worried families are having to listen to yet more broken promises.

“We know that at least 11 people have died in cell fires since the government accepted its responsibility to install automatic fire detection equipment.

“How many more lives will be lost?”

The Howard League said it had threatened legal action and that the government only notified the CPFSI of its change in position after the threat of litigation.

Whitepaper assesses mission-critical voice options for UK emergency services

Whitepaper compares emergency voice systems

A whitepaper published by Analysys Mason compares TETRA and LTE-based systems for mission-critical voice communications used in public protection and disaster relief operations.

The paper is written by Charles Murray, Sviat Novik and Fabio Amann Fernández and examines whether LTE-based systems, including the Emergency Services Network (ESN), can replace TETRA for emergency service voice communications.

It assesses the two systems across coverage, resilience, operational features and future readiness.

The paper states that TETRA delivers more consistent and predictable coverage because it operates on lower-frequency spectrum, allowing signals to travel further, penetrate buildings more effectively and degrade more gradually at the edge of coverage.

LTE-based systems are described as more susceptible to attenuation, with signals weakening more abruptly, especially indoors and behind obstacles.

It adds that TETRA users already understand known weak spots through operational experience, whereas LTE coverage remains dependent on future upgrades, testing and infrastructure expansion.

Whitepaper details resilience and operational differences

According to the whitepaper, TETRA is inherently more resilient because it is designed specifically for emergency services and runs on dedicated spectrum with hardened infrastructure and redundancy across power and backhaul.

The paper states that this leads to more predictable behaviour during outages, with failures typically limited to local areas.

LTE-based systems are described as more exposed to shared infrastructure dependencies because they rely on commercial mobile networks.

The paper notes that faults affecting shared exchanges or fibre routes can cause wider disruption across multiple sites at the same time.

It also states that TETRA maintains stable voice communication during major incidents, power outages and high-demand scenarios because it does not carry public traffic.

LTE-based systems can face congestion from public users in dense areas or during large events, which may delay responders trying to connect before priority mechanisms are applied.

Whitepaper points to hybrid approach

The whitepaper identifies direct mode operation and ground-to-air communication as two operational areas where TETRA currently retains an advantage.

It states that LTE-based equivalents exist in technical standards, though they remain in development, require additional certification and have not been deployed at national scale.

The paper also reviews programme costs and delivery timelines linked to ESN, stating that deployment depends on large-scale infrastructure upgrades, extended testing periods and uncertain timelines for full operational readiness.

It includes figures showing that TETRA operates at around 400 MHz compared with around 800 MHz for LTE, and that LTE experiences 5 – 6 dB higher path loss than TETRA.

The paper also states that around 1500 buildings have already been identified for ESN in-building upgrades, that historic Airwave costs were approximately £450 million per year and that ESN costs are estimated at £370 – £420 million per year once operational.

This year marks ten years since Motorola Solutions acquired Airwave.

It concludes that TETRA remains the most reliable platform for mission-critical voice communication and presents a hybrid model, with TETRA for assured voice and LTE for data and supplementary services, as the most practical strategy for the foreseeable future.

Ramtech publishes 2026 construction fire safety whitepaper

Ramtech whitepaper revisits NFPA 241

Ramtech has relaunched its construction fire safety whitepaper with a 2026 edition focused on NFPA 241 gaps, expected code changes and the use of wireless systems on US projects.

Ramtech said the refreshed paper is titled Closing the Gaps in Construction Fire Safety and follows its earlier whitepaper No Site Left Behind: The Modern Fire and Life Safety Solutions for Construction.

The paper says fragmented adoption across states, reliance on older editions and a minimum code mindset continue to weaken site fire safety.

It gives early insight into expected areas of change in the forthcoming NFPA 241 2026 revision, including guidance for mass timber construction, tighter site security requirements, clearer Fire Prevention Program Manager responsibilities and stronger links with other NFPA and International Fire Code standards.

James Pecz, Ramtech’s North America lead and member of the NFPA 72/241 Temporary Fire Alarm Task Group, said: “Across the U.S., adoption of NFPA 241 is still highly inconsistent.

“My work on the NFPA 72/241 Temporary Fire Alarm Task Group has highlighted how reliance on older editions or minimum-code compliance leaves sites exposed, especially as projects become larger and more complex.

“Wireless detection and notification systems can bridge these gaps, helping contractors meet best-practice standards while protecting people, assets, and schedules.”

Project examples and US office opening

The report includes project insight from Barton Malow, Space Age Electronics and Ramtech, alongside case material from large developments in Detroit and California.

Kyle Jarvenpaa, vice president of business development at Space Age Electronics, said: “Projects with hundreds of workers across dozens of floors present unique challenges.

“The real test isn’t just knowing the code – it’s making sure every worker hears the alarm, every floor is cleared, and safety teams have real-time visibility.

“Coordinated wireless detection and notification systems turn complex safety plans into action, giving workers confidence they’ll be alerted immediately in an emergency, while helping teams respond faster and keep projects moving efficiently.”

The report says Authorities Having Jurisdiction (AHJs) are increasingly recognising wireless fire detection and notification systems as a practical way to address compliance gaps when permanent systems are not yet operational.

On the $1 billion Hudson’s Detroit development, project safety professional Anna Kahl said: “On a project of this size, evacuation planning can’t rely on assumptions.

“Noise, height, changing access routes, and limited visibility are the norm, not the exception.

“A coordinated alarm system that reached all workers at the same time was vital – it kept our team safe and gave us confidence in every drill.”

A case study in the whitepaper also describes the deployment of more than 350 wireless devices on a $1.3 billion resort development in California.

The relaunch follows the official opening of Ramtech’s dedicated US office in Charlotte, North Carolina, in October.

Workplace safety gaps highlighted in Blackline Safety survey

Safety budgets and behaviour gaps

Blackline Safety has published findings from a global workplace survey showing that 95% of safety leaders plan to maintain or increase budgets over the next two years.

The company said the study was carried out by independent research firm NewtonX and surveyed 200 senior safety and operations professionals globally at companies with at least 500 employees.

The findings are compiled in the Keeping People Safe: Global Data on the State of Workplace Safety report, which Blackline Safety said is available free of charge.

The survey found that 97% of safety leaders believe workplace safety is fundamental to reliable productivity.

It also found that 64% of respondents see a gap between safety protocol and real-world behaviour.

Christine Gillies, Chief Product and Marketing Officer at Blackline Safety, said: “It’s clear from the survey that a majority of experts support a change in safety culture across industries.

“As a result, we’ll see safety increasingly becoming a holistic, enterprise-wide operating system instead of a compliance function, and companies that treat it this way will close the protocol-behavior gap, creating safer and more productive workplaces.”

Gillies said feedback from respondents pointed to disconnections between people, process and technology.

She also cited a lack of understanding of day-to-day worksite realities by those creating protocols.

Additional processes that fail to address root causes of safety issues were also identified as a possible reason for the gap.

Safety priorities, trust and AI use

Blackline Safety said the report also identified the main areas where safety leaders are directing budget.

Worker training was the top priority at 46%, followed by workforce engagement at 41%.

Improvements of infrastructure to reduce risk accounted for 34%, with new technology at 30% and internal advocacy to promote the value of safety at 29%.

Nearly one third of respondents said better training could help build greater worker trust when that training is relevant, continuous, two-way and based on a culture of safety.

The survey also found that 76% of safety leaders said zero incident goals persist and are unrealistic.

Respondents reported that organisations are investing in safety tools and devices including personal protective equipment, walkie-talkies and radios, as well as advanced technologies.

Leaders said only 36% of workers have a great deal of trust in their companies’ tools and procedures, with 92% having some level of trust.

Gillies added: “Three pillars make up a strong safety culture – training and communication, tools and technology, and data and reporting.

“Most organizations have all three, yet few have them working together, which means gaps persist even when investment increases.”

The report also found that 65% of leaders expect AI risk prediction tools to become increasingly key.

Respondents said they have a great deal or fair amount of trust in AI tools for safety data analytics and reporting at 84%, training and simulation at 83% and predictive risk analytics at 79%.

Most respondents said they review incident reports and near-miss records, although 33.5% said they spend time on predictive analytics to forecast risk.

Key takeaways from the workplace safety report

Blackline Safety’s Keeping People Safe: Global Data on the State of Workplace Safety report presents findings from a global survey of 200 safety and operations leaders working in organisations with more than 500 employees, supported by interviews across multiple sectors.

The report finds that most organisations are increasing or maintaining safety budgets, with 95% of leaders expecting continued investment over the next two years. It also shows that 97% of respondents link workplace safety directly to productivity, indicating that safety is widely treated as a business function rather than a standalone requirement.

Despite this, incident rates remain high. The report states that 71% of organisations experience recordable incidents or near-misses, while 53% of workplace safety incidents result in injuries that lead to lost time. This gap between investment and outcomes is a recurring theme across the findings.

A majority of respondents report a disconnect between safety protocols and how work is carried out in practice. The report attributes this to gaps between people, processes and technology, along with limited understanding of real working conditions when protocols are designed. Differences in behaviour between contractors and employees are also highlighted, even where visibility into compliance is high.

The report outlines three core components of safety systems: training and communication, tools and technology, and data and reporting. While most organisations have each of these in place, they often operate separately. This lack of integration limits how effectively information is shared and applied across operations.

Training is identified as the top area of investment, with 46% of leaders prioritising it in their budgets. Even so, the report notes that training is often delivered in a top-down format focused on compliance, which can reduce engagement and limit its impact on behaviour.

Organisations are also using a wide range of safety tools, including personal protective equipment, radios and monitoring devices. While 92% of workers are reported to have some level of trust in these tools, only 36% are said to have a high level of trust, with barriers linked to usability, device burden and lack of clarity around purpose.

Data use remains largely focused on reviewing past incidents. The report states that 73% of organisations analyse incident reports and near-miss records, while only 33.5% spend time on predictive analytics. This limits the ability to identify and address risks before incidents occur.

There is growing interest in predictive approaches, with 65% of leaders expecting AI-based risk prediction tools to play a larger role. Respondents report high levels of trust in AI for safety data analysis, training applications and predictive risk modelling.

The report also highlights that 76% of leaders consider zero-incident targets to be unrealistic. It states that these targets can contribute to underreporting of incidents and near-misses, reducing the visibility needed to improve safety outcomes.

Across the findings, the report indicates that improving outcomes depends on connecting training, tools and data into a single system, along with increasing the use of predictive analysis to identify risks earlier.

Fire compliance margins rise with end-market focus and early engagement

Compliance report sets out market structure and performance gaps

A new analysis from OC&C Strategy Consultants outlines how fire compliance businesses can improve margins in a competitive UK market.

The report says the sector is attracting strong investor interest, driven by regulation, structural demand and a fragmented supplier base.

It says more than ten private equity-backed platforms are pursuing buy-and-build strategies across the sector.

Performance varies across operators, with leading businesses achieving EBITDA margins 5 – 10% higher than the industry average through clearer strategy and execution.

End-market focus is identified as a key factor, with social housing and data centres able to support stronger pricing due to complexity, regulation and service sensitivity.

Defence and healthcare are also highlighted as specialist environments with higher barriers to entry, where operators that meet vetting, clinical or security requirements can secure higher-margin contracts.

Compliance sales approach and delivery models shape outcomes

The report says earlier customer engagement can reduce reliance on competitive tenders that compress margins.

It highlights seminars, surveys and proactive business development as routes to build relationships before formal procurement begins.

Surveys and fire risk assessments are increasingly used as entry points that lead to remediation work and long-term maintenance contracts.

Disciplined bidding and stronger cost data are also identified as important for avoiding underpriced tenders in a fragmented market.

Selective subcontracting remains part of scaling capacity, with operators advised to deliver around 60 – 80% of work in-house while using subcontractors for larger projects and geographic coverage.

Matt Flood outlines strategic choices for operators

Matt Flood, B2B Partner at OC&C Strategy Consultants, said: “Fire compliance is an attractive market for investors, but performance varies significantly between operators.

“The strongest businesses are those that make deliberate choices about where to specialise, how they win work and how they scale delivery, rather than trying to compete across every part of the market.”

Flood added: “Many providers rely heavily on competitive tenders, but the most successful operators are engaging customers earlier.

“Surveys and compliance assessments can act as a commercial entry point, helping operators build relationships and expand into remediation and long-term maintenance work.”

UK fire sector report outlines four drivers of organic growth

Fire sector growth drivers outlined in new report

DC Advisory and Fairgrove have published a report on how operators in the UK fire and security sector are pursuing organic growth in a competitive market.

Titled Igniting Growth: Organic Levers for UK Fire & Security Services, the report is based on interviews with CEOs of private equity-backed businesses and sets out the strategies being used to improve performance, scale operations and strengthen margins.

It says the UK fire and security sector remains highly fragmented, with more than 3,000 businesses working across active fire, passive fire and security services.

The report links continued investor interest in the sector to regulatory requirements, recurring inspection cycles and long-term service contracts that support stable revenue streams.

Recent growth is tied to regulatory change following the Grenfell Tower fire, including the Fire Safety Act 2021, Fire Safety (England) Regulations 2022 and the Building Safety Act 2022.

Those measures have increased compliance requirements and led to higher levels of inspection, remediation and maintenance activity across the built environment.

The sector is expected to grow at around 6% to 7% annually through to 2030.

Organic growth moves higher on the agenda

The report states that investors are placing greater emphasis on organic growth and operational performance, even as buy-and-build strategies remain common.

DC Advisory and Fairgrove identify four pillars behind that shift: commercial engine, commercial discipline, people model and operational leverage and productivity.

It describes increasing contract penetration and recurring revenue as central parts of current growth strategies.

Operators are focusing on cross-selling services across fire and security portfolios where appropriate.

They are also prioritising up-sell work such as remedial works and lifecycle upgrades.

The report says up-sell activity can generate between £1 and £3 of additional work for every £1 of planned maintenance activity, depending on the asset base and contract structure.

It adds that winning new business remains difficult because of high customer retention and procurement barriers, particularly in the private sector.

Service quality and long-term client relationships are presented as the main drivers of sustained growth.

Technology and workforce pressures shape performance

The report says technology is becoming a larger factor in improving operational performance without major capital investment.

Field service management platforms are being used to improve scheduling, engineer utilisation and job reporting.

Digital tools are also being used to improve response times and customer experience.

The report says some providers are starting to use more automated and self-testing systems in higher-spec installations.

That change may reduce routine maintenance workloads and increase margins through higher-value service activity.

Recruitment and retention of engineers are identified as a constraint on growth across the sector.

Companies are expanding apprenticeship programmes, recruiting from adjacent industries and investing in in-house training academies to increase workforce capacity.

Retention measures such as improved benefits and referral incentives are also being used to reduce churn and protect productivity.

The report adds that better parts management, route optimisation and technician scheduling can improve first-time fix rates, reduce unproductive time and raise jobs per engineer per day.

DC Advisory and Fairgrove say firms that pair operational discipline with technology use, workforce development and customer retention are expected to perform more strongly as the market matures.

Wildfire modelling project links fire spread with smoke impact

Wildfire modelling and evacuation planning

George Mason University is developing a wildfire digital twin designed to simulate fire behaviour in real time and forecast air pollution impacts during fast-moving incidents in Southern California.

The work is being led by Chaowei “Phil” Yang, professor in the Geography and Geoinformation Science Department in the College of Science, in partnership with researchers from California State University—Los Angeles, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the City of Los Angeles.

The project was framed against the Palisades and Eaton Fires, which killed 28 people, destroyed more than 16,000 structures and displaced tens of thousands of residents.

Wildfires are difficult to predict because many factors affect their growth, spread and speed.

That uncertainty can slow evacuation decisions and make it harder for response teams to judge who should be moved away from flames or hazardous air pollution.

Yang said: “The goal is to develop an artificial intelligence (AI)-based system that can provide real-time, high-resolution simulation and forecasting of wildfire behavior and model the resulting air pollution and air quality impacts for better informed public health responses.”

Yang added: “Inhaling wildfire smoke can cause serious and long-lasting damage to the breathing system.

“We need to get those people impacted to safety as well as those in direct line of the spreading flames.”

Data sources and system development

George Mason University said the digital twin will combine data from satellites, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), ground observations and citizen reports to simulate wildfire progress and the effect of potential interventions.

The system draws in information on fuel sources, moisture, load and consumption, along with wind speeds, temperatures and real-time fire sensors.

George Mason’s high-performance computing (HPC) cluster is used to automate data interpretation, and machine learning modelling is used to calibrate data sets to improve accuracy.

Model accuracy is expected to improve as more data sets become available.

Yang explained: “When we eventually provide information to firefighters and local agencies, we will give them a range of possibilities and a confidence level in those possibilities, such as ‘the fire will move in this direction with about 90% confidence, or 20% confidence,’

“That’s important for them when they’re trying to make these quick decisions about where to put fire fighters.

“It makes the information actionable instead of just data sets.”

The project also includes student participation from high school level through to post-doctoral research, with work focused on cloud computing and digital transformation.

Anusha Srirenganathan said: “Working closely with researchers from different disciplines helped me grow as a collaborator, and my work on the project strengthened my abilities in large-scale satellite data processing, spatial cloud computing, and AI/ML modeling for environmental applications,”

Yang said the team is also working on a Chesapeake Bay digital twin for flood forecasting and a conflict resolution digital twin with an alert system.